Informatics Publishing Limited

Jyoti Kedia ¹, Neena Gupta ¹

Affiliations
1 PEC University of Technology, Chandigarh, IN

Abstract

With scaling technologies ranging from 180 nm to 35 nm the magnitude of interconnects problem has increased manifold. The global wires are much more affected as compared to the local and semi global interconnects. In this paper the high performance interconnects has been investigated. The effect of scaling of dimensions on interconnection in VLSICs has been examined. The comparison of underlying physics of electrical and optical interconnects has been done along with the requirements of optical devices for optics to solve the problems of interconnects in future.

Keywords

Scaling, Copper Interconnects, Low K Dielectrics, Optical Interconnects.

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Neena Gupta ¹, Divya Dhawan ¹, Kadam Bhambri ¹, Gagandeep Kaur Jayjee ¹

Affiliations
1 PEC University of Technology, Sector 12-A, Chandigarh, IN

Abstract

The authors have developed, simulated and analyzed the performance of SOA-based all-optical OR and NOT gates at 10 Gbps. Furthermore, the all-optical NOR gate has been designed and its implementation has been done successfully by cascading OR with NOT gate. The proposed design is simpler in structure and offers flexibility in wavelength selection. Also, it allows scope for photonic integration which is imperative to realize higher level components like half-adder, full-adder etc. In comparison to previously postulated works, SOA based gates offer wide bandwidth and simplicity in structure. Also, majority of the designs in literature work upto 10 Gbps. However, the proposed design of OR, NOT and NOR gates can be operated upto 30 Gbps.

Keywords

All-Optical Gates (OR, NOT, NOR), Cross Gain Modulation (XGM), Cross Phase Modulation (XPM), Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers (SOAs).

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Deepti Punjabi ¹, Neena Gupta ²

Affiliations
1 PEC University of Technology, Chandigarh, IN
2 Electronics and Electrical Communications Department of PEC University of Technology, Chandigarh, IN

Abstract

With increase in bandwidth demands with lower power consumption, broadband fibre access technologies of such as different Fibre to the Home (FTTH) networks like Point to Point (P2P), Passive Optical Network (PON) and Active Optical Network (AON), come to the forefront of research field. In this article these networks are compared on the basis of power consumption per user with increasing transmission; also power ignoring and power saving methods is proposed that may be used in optical access network by the service providers were applied to encourage use of such algorithms for reducing the carbon footprint optical communication equipment. An event based power saving algorithm was applied to these networks. On application of this power saving algorithm it was found that the power consumption of optical networks can be reduced by a minimum of 22 percent and a maximum of 25 percent.

Keywords

Access Network, P2P, PON, AON, Power Ignoring, Power Saving, Sleep Mode.

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Kadam Bhambri ¹, Neena Gupta ¹

Affiliations
1 PEC University of Technology, Sector 12-A, Chandigarh, IN

Abstract

Fiber nonlinearities give rise to many pervasive effects in optical fibers. These effects are damaging in optical communications, but they also have many useful applications, especially for performing all-optical processing in optical networks. This article investigates the different kinds of fiber nonlinearities encountered in fibers such as self phase modulation, cross phase modulation and four wave mixing. The exploitation of fiber nonlinearities is a valuable tool in all optical processing functions. All Optical gates is the fundamental entity of all optical processing. This paper carries out a study of the various schemes which can be used to realize all optical fiber based gates such as nonlinear optical loop mirror, terahertz optical asymmetric demultiplexer , optical Kerr gate, non linear directional coupler, soliton logic gates. The schemes are compared and discussed. Finally, the applications of all-optical fiber based gates are explored.

Keywords

Fiber Nonlinearities, Nonlinear Optical Loop Mirror, Nonlinear Directional Coupler, Terahertz Optical Asymmetric Demultiplexer (Toad), Soliton Logic Gates.

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Divya Dhawan ¹, Neena Gupta ², Raj Bala ³

Affiliations
1 Department of Electronics and Electrical Communication Engineering, PEC University of Technology, Chandigarh, IN
2 Department of Electronics and Electrical Communication Engineering, PEC University of Technology, Chandigarh, IN
3 Punjab Engineering College, Chandigarh, IN

Abstract

Next generation services of triple play (data/voice/video) require far more bandwidth than prevailing technologies like dial-up, Integrated Services for Digital Network (ISDN), cable, Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) could offer. The bay between the access and metro networks is broadening due to bandwidth difference. This problem is termed as “access bottleneck”. The challenge is to distribute triple play services efficiently and cost effectively. Passive optical network has addressed these challenges in a most auspicious manner. This paper presents an architecture supporting triple play services. It employs Broadband Passive Optical Network (BPON) within last mile to address the access bottleneck issue. It uses orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) for transmission of voice, video and data service. Performance analysis of our proposed architecture using simulation technique shows that the signal power received at the farthest Optical Network Unit (ONU) after passing through a distance of 25km is -25dBm with a satisfactory bit error rate (BER) of 10-3 and a Signal to Noise Ratio for video service, indicating good and clear picture quality. Proposed method not only accomplishes the desired requirement for availing services of data/voice/video (triple play) but also achieves its objective cost effectively.

Keywords

Broadband Passive Optical Network (BPON), Fiber to the Home (FTTH), Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM), PON (Passive Optical Network), Triple Play.

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Neena Gupta ¹, Divya Dhawan ¹, Preety Singla ²

Affiliations
1 Electronics and Electrical Communication (E&EC) Department, PEC University of Technology, Chandigarh, IN
2 Electronics and Electrical Communication (E&EC) Department, PEC University of Technology, Chandigarh, IN

Abstract

Free Space Optics (FSO) takes a line-of-sight approach in telecommunications, in which modulated infrared laser light is transmitted through the air. A need was felt to design FSO system having more powerful source, for longer transmission system as well as to tab the full potential of available optical bandwidth. In the previous work, authors used various OCDMA techniques for multiplexing to achieved a permissible BER > 10^-5and a speed less than 5 Gbps. This paper demonstrates the Optical Code Division Multiple Access Pseudo-orthogonal ―Flattened matrix codes in Free Space Optical Communication. In the present work authors design a system in which high speed information at 10 Gbps bit rate is successfully broadcasted from transmitter station to the receiver station at the link range of 500m through the Free Space channel at wavelength of 1550nm using an OCDMA pseudo-orthogonal encoder and decoder. The results are discussed in terms of bit error rate and quality factor with maximum number of users that can withstand by this communication system. This system can support sixteen simultaneous users and at an acceptable bit error rate e^-9 less.

Keywords

Bit Error Rate (BER), Free Space Optics (FSO), Optical Code Division Multiple Access (OCDMA), Pseudo-Orthogonal Codes.

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